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Please click to this link: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects thyroid function. These changes are due to the direct impact of the virus on thyroid cells via angiotensin-converting–enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, inflammatory reaction, apoptosis in thyroid follicular cells, suppression of hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, an increase in activity of adrenocortical axis, and excess cortisol release due to cytokine storm of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS), thyroiditis, clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism, central hypothyroidism, exacerbation of underlying autoimmune thyroid disease, and clinical and subclinical hyperthyroidism can be associated with coronavirus. Adjuvants in coronavirus vaccines induce autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome known as vaccine adjuvants (ASIA) syndrome. Thyroiditis and Graves’ disease have been reported to be associated with ASIA syndrome after some coronavirus vaccinations. Some coronavirus medications, such as hydroxychloroquine, monoclonal antibodies, lopinavir/ritonavir, remdesivir, naproxen, anticoagulants, and glucocorticoids can also affect thyroid tests, and correct diagnosis of thyroid disorders will be more difficult. Conclusion: Changes in thyroid tests may be one of the most important manifestations of COVID-19. These changes can be confusing for clinicians and can lead to inappropriate diagnoses and decisions. Prospective studies should be conducted in the future to increase epidemiological and clinical data and optimize the management of thyroid dysfunctions in patients with COVID-19. Keywords: Coronavirus disease 2019; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; thyroid hormone; thyroiditis; autoimmune disease; hyperthyroidism; hypothyroidism; euthyroid sick syndrome; pandemic; subclinical thyroiditis; painless thyrotoxicosis; thyroid dysfunction; thyrotoxicosis. The author of the article: Dr. Alireza Arefzadeh, Endocrinologist درمان چاقی شکم با آر اف درمان چاقی شکم چاقی شکم آر اف شکم آر اف کویتیشن اولتراسوند فوق تخصص غدد در تهران فوق تخصص غدد تهران بهترین فوق تخصص غدد تهران شمال جنوب شرق غرب بهترین فوق تخصص غدد در تهران بهترین فوق تخصص غدد تهران بهترین فوق تخصص غدد در شمال تهران بهترین فوق تخصص غدد در غرب تهران دکتر غدد در تهران بهترین دکتر متخصص غدد در تهران لیست پزشکان فوق تخصص غدد در تهران بهترین دکتر فوق تخصص غدد در تهران بهترین متخصص غدد در تهران متخصص غدد تهران بهترین متخصص غدد تهران متخصص غدد در تهران متخصص تیروئید تهران متخصص دیابت تهران متخصص تیروئید متخصص دیابت متخصص دیابت در تهران آدرس دکتر متخصص غدد در تهران آدرس دکتر فوق تخصص غدد در تهران متخصص تیروئید در تهران دکتر متخصص تیروئید در تهران بهترین فوق تخصص غدد تهران شمال جنوب شرق غرب متخصص داخلی دیابت تیروئید چاقی رشد بلوغ نازایی متخصص غدد خوب تهران دکتر متخصص غدد خوب در تهران دکتر متخصص دیابت در تهران دکتر متخصص تیروئید در تهران کلینیک فوق تخصصی غدد دکتر فوق تخصص غدد تیروئید کلینیک فوق تخصصی تیروئید دکتر متخصص غدد تیروئید دکتر متخصص غدد دیابت دکتر متخصص دیابت دکتر فوق تخصص غدد دیابت متخصص غدد تیروئید فوق تخصص غدد دیابت بهترین دکتر فوق تخصص غدد در تهران بهترین دکتر فوق تخصص تیروئید در تهران بهترین دکتر فوق تخصص دیابت در تهران بهترین دکتر متخصص رشد در تهران بهترین دکتر فوق تخصص رشد در تهران کلینیک فوق تخصصی دیابت کلینیک فوق تخصصی دیابت در تهران معرفی دکتر فوق تخصص غدد در تهران دکتر غدد خوب در تهران دکتر خوب غدد در تهران دکتر علیرضا عارف زاده فوق تخصص غدد دکتر علیرضا عارف زاده دکتر عارف زاده فوق تخصص غدد Dr alireza arefzadeh بهترین فوق تخصص غدد تهران شمال متخصص غدد شرق غرب جنوب فوق تخصص غدد بهترین فوق تخصص غدد بهترین فوق تخصص غدد تهران بهترین فوق تخصص غدد در تهران فوق تخصص غدد در تهران فوق تخصص غدد تهران فوق تخصص خوب غدد تهران فوق تخصص خوب غدد شمال تهران بهترین فوق تخصص غدد شرق تهران بهترین شمال تهران متخصص غدد بهترین متخصص غدد جنوب تهران بهترین متخصص غدد غرب تهران بهترین فوق تخصص غدد شمال تهران بهترین فوق تخصص غدد در شمال تهران متخصص غدد متخصص غدد تهران بهترین متخصص غدد تهران متخصص غدد در شمال تهران بهترین متخصص غدد در تهران فوق تخصص غدد در شمال تهران بهترین فوق تخصص غدد غرب تهران بهترین فوق تخصص غدد در غرب تهران بهترین فوق تخصص متخصص غدد شمال تهران دکتر غدد خوب در تهران دکتر خوب غدد در تهران دکتر علیرضا عارف زاده فوق تخصص غدد دکتر علیرضا عارف زاده Dr alireza arefzadeh A Review of Thyroid Dysfunction due to COVID-19
A Review of Thyroid Dysfunction due to COVID-19
Association of the Thyroid Nodules With FNA
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Thyroid nodules are a common finding in clinical practice.
Although ultrasonography is an accepted method for evaluating
these nodules, Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) is the procedure of
choice for assessing the risk of malignancy. This study aims to determine
the association between sonographic features of thyroid nodules based on
Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System classification and the cytology results.
In this prospective cohort study, 147 patients from Tehran Medical Imaging Center
who had thyroid nodules underwent ultrasonography-guided FNA,
and their sonographic features were recorded.
The pathologic findings were also obtained according to the Bethesda system.
inally, the association between sonographic features and cytological results was
analyzed.
Eighteen (12.3%) nodules were malignant, and 129 nodules (87.7%) were benign. The
association of TIRADS categories with the risk of malignancy is as follows:
TIRADS 1 (n=0, 0%), TIRADS 2 (n=10, 16.9%), TIRADS 3 (n=6, 10.5%), TIRADS 4 (n=2, 16.7%), and TIRADS 5 (n=0, 0%).
The bloody lamellae of thyroid nodules were significantly correlated with
the risk of malignancy (P<0.05).
However, there was no statistically significant association between
the risk of malignancy and gender (P=0.47), calcification (P=0.9),
firmness (P=0.19), halo sign (P=0.95), location of nodules (P=0.35),
and nodules' echogenicity (P=0.058).
Although there are trusted classifications such as TIRADS for
categorizing thyroid nodules, there is still uncertainty in utilizing them,
especially in the management of nodules classified as TIRADS 2,
.
in which various sonographic features are shared between benign and malignant nodules.
Although, based on the ACR guideline, we do not perform FNA
with all nodules that have TIRADS 2, regardless of the size or other characteristics
of the nodule,
there is a possibility that some of these nodules will be malignant in the future,
so it is considered.
It seems that the guideline should be revised regarding TIRADS 2,
and under certain circumstances,
these types of nodules should also be sampled under FNA ultrasound guidance
with some criteria such as size or other features,
because there may be problems in the future,
contrary to what the guideline currently recommends,
that sampling TIRADS 2 is not required.
be created and find out that some of these types of nodules are malignant
Although currently, the ACR guideline does not recommend performing
thyroid nodule FNA with TIRADS 2
unless the patient has a positive family history of thyroid cancer,
. especially if family history is the MTC type or MEN.
Author and compiler:
Dr. Alireza Arefzadeh
endocrinology and metabolism specialist in Tehran
specialist in endocrine diseases in Tehran
the best endocrinologist in Tehran
the best endocrinologist in Tehran
the best subspecialist in Iran
the best endocrinologist in Iran
the best endocrinologist in Tehran
the best endocrinologist in Iran
the best specialist Thyroid in Tehran
FNA
thyroid ultrasound
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Dr. Arefzadeh graduated from Tehran University of Medical Sciences in the field of Internal Medicine in 2008.
He graduated from Tehran University of Medical Sciences in the field of Endocrinology and Metabolism in 2012.
He has many researchs about internal medicine and endocrinology fields.
He is clinician and researcher and he works about diabetes mellitus, GDM, international education of diabetes and other endocrinology fields.
He likes teaching students, interns, residents and fellowships.
Dr. Arefzadeh has IELTS Document and he can speak three languages: English, Danish and Persian.
Dr. Arefzadeh has educated Iranians around the world regarding on the importance of Diabetes Mellitus and other metabolic disorders and has helped to resolve problems in the Iranian community.
He is member of American Diabetes Association(ADA) and European Society of Endocrinology(ESE) and European Research Association(CORDIS).
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Patients can contact me via my Email address: info@drarefzadeh.com
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Stress is the most important factor to predispose to diabetes.
Many diabetic patients have had a major stress before diabetes in my eperiences.
I have visited many diabetic patients who didn't have positive diabetic family history,however, they have developed diabetes and they had major stress before diabetes.
Stress can increase blood sugar and it can lead to bad habits like overeating, which can make diabetes harder to manage.
Recerntly, some papers were published about this subject.
I strongly recommended to avoid stress and anxiety.
Dr. Alireza Arefzadeh.
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correspondent author:Alireza Arefzadeh
Abstract
Introduction:
News media, including content and methods for presenting it,
unmistakably contribute to the informal education of our students outside the
classroom. In addition to considering new media (television, video games, Internet,
etc.) as educative agents and keeping their influence in mind, educational institutions
incorporate these media into programs of study as content—including analysis of their
importance in society, function, and the repercussions, they may have in our lives.
Discussion:
News multimedia technologies must fulfill many basic functions:
- represent and present both real and virtual worlds.
- facilitate teaching.
- enhance student learning.
- improve IQ, residential, distance memory, and life-long learning.
- accommodate students’ learning styles.
- Digital Text Writing.
- Digital knowledge
- Connect people to teachers and Students and experts.
- Online courses registry.
-More Velocity and better quality Services.
-Immediately self Examination and scored, providing quick feedback.
With the arrival of computers, written textual language was first to be digitized
because it required the least amount of resources. The new Digital text can be
modified more easily, it can be sent from one place to another, words or strings of
characters can be searched for and found instantly, etc.
Social networking sites allow students to explore their interests on a global scale and
discuss their interests with a wider range of people. This has huge implications for
self-learning, as information and resources are much more available than they were
previously. However, for students that aren’t skilled at evaluating different content, it
can be hard for them to sort through various resources to find accurate and useful
information. Important Social networking sites are
Twitter,Wikipedia,Google,Yahoo, Facebook, and Youtube, Smartphones and
Iphone. Educational institutions will successfully wed academia and technology,
allowing students to learn in new and innovative ways. Technology has great potential
to help people learn, and businesses should capitalize on the advantages of technology
to create technologically advanced educational systems. They change to accommodate
students’ learning styles and significantly change education of the future. The Internet
allows people to search through digital knowledge and connect people to teachers and
experts. Textbooks can become interactive and can easily include updates and
corrections. Students will likely be able to get coursework from whichever university
they choose, and courses will likely be collaborative and public. These changes will
allow universities to teach anyone willing to learn, rather than only a select few in a
classroom. Technologies are already changing education, as online schools allow
students to earn degrees through only online courses Computer-Based Trainings are
self-paced activities on a computer that present content to a user. The trainings often
include assessments that can be immediately scored, providing quick feedback to the
users.
Conclusion: News Media Technologies provide revolution in education.
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To compare the accuracy of 3 imaging modalities for preoperative evaluation of the posterior lens capsule in traumatic cataract.
Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
Case series.
The study comprised eyes with traumatic cataract opaque enough to prevent visualization of the posterior lens capsule on slitlamp examination. To detect posterior lens capsule rupture before surgery, imaging was performed with 20 MHz echography (Eye Cubed), anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) (Visante model 1000), and Scheimpflug imaging (Pentacam). All patients subsequently had cataract extraction, and the intraoperative findings of the posterior lens capsule were compared with the preoperative findings of the imaging modalities.
The study enrolled 21 eyes of 21 patients (20 men, 1 woman) with a mean age of 31.5 years ± 1.45 (SD). The nature of trauma was blunt (5 eyes) or sharp (16 eyes). To detect posterior lens capsule rupture, the sensitivity and specificity were, respectively, 80% and 86% for 20 MHz echography, 71% and 77% for AS-OCT, and 62% and 57% for Scheimpflug imaging (95% confidence intervals: sensitivity, 30.00-90.32; specificity, 54.81-92.95). Insufficient resolution for posterior lens capsule evaluation occurred in 33.3% cases for AS-OCT and 57.1% cases for Scheimpflug imaging. The accuracy of 20 MHz echography, AS-OCT, and Scheimpflug imaging was 76.1%, 61.9%, and 42.9%, respectively.
In the evaluation of the posterior lens capsule in eyes with traumatic cataract, 20 MHz echography had higher accuracy than AS-OCT and Scheimpflug imaging.
High prevalence sleep disordered breathing in patients with diabetic macular edema
Arefzadeh A, MD.
Endocrinology department; Imam Hospital; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; Iran
Correspondent author: Arefzadeh Alireza
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