A Review of Thyroid Dysfunction due to COVID-19

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Association of the Thyroid Nodules With FNA

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Abstract

Thyroid nodules are a common finding in clinical practice.

Although ultrasonography is an accepted method for evaluating

these nodules, Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) is the procedure of

choice for assessing the risk of malignancy. This study aims to determine

the association between sonographic features of thyroid nodules based on

Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System classification and the cytology results.

In this prospective cohort study, 147 patients from Tehran Medical Imaging Center

who had thyroid nodules underwent ultrasonography-guided FNA,

and their sonographic features were recorded.

The pathologic findings were also obtained according to the Bethesda system.

inally, the association between sonographic features and cytological results was

analyzed.

Eighteen (12.3%) nodules were malignant, and 129 nodules (87.7%) were benign. The

association of TIRADS categories with the risk of malignancy is as follows:

TIRADS 1 (n=0, 0%), TIRADS 2 (n=10, 16.9%), TIRADS 3 (n=6, 10.5%), TIRADS 4 (n=2, 16.7%), and TIRADS 5 (n=0, 0%).

The bloody lamellae of thyroid nodules were significantly correlated with

the risk of malignancy (P<0.05).

However, there was no statistically significant association between

the risk of malignancy and gender (P=0.47), calcification (P=0.9),

firmness (P=0.19), halo sign (P=0.95), location of nodules (P=0.35),

and nodules' echogenicity (P=0.058).

Although there are trusted classifications such as TIRADS for

categorizing thyroid nodules, there is still uncertainty in utilizing them,

especially in the management of nodules classified as TIRADS 2,

.

in which various sonographic features are shared between benign and malignant nodules.

Although, based on the ACR guideline, we do not perform FNA

with all nodules that have TIRADS 2, regardless of the size or other characteristics

of the nodule,

there is a possibility that some of these nodules will be malignant in the future,

so it is considered.

It seems that the guideline should be revised regarding TIRADS 2,

and under certain circumstances,

these types of nodules should also be sampled under FNA ultrasound guidance

with some criteria such as size or other features,

because there may be problems in the future,

contrary to what the guideline currently recommends,

that sampling TIRADS 2 is not required.

 be created and find out that some of these types of nodules are malignant 

Although currently, the ACR guideline does not recommend performing

thyroid nodule FNA with TIRADS 2

unless the patient has a positive family history of thyroid cancer,

. especially if family history is the MTC type or MEN.

Author and compiler:

Dr. Alireza Arefzadeh

endocrinology and metabolism specialist in Tehran

specialist in endocrine diseases in Tehran

the best endocrinologist in Tehran

the best endocrinologist in Tehran

the best subspecialist in Iran

the best endocrinologist in Iran

the best endocrinologist in Tehran

the best endocrinologist in Iran

the best specialist Thyroid in Tehran

FNA

thyroid ultrasound

Evaluation of Ethanol Injection, Radiofrequency Ablation, and Levothyroxine Therapy in the Management of Benign Thyroid Nodules

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Abstract

How to start a contraceptive in Patients with PCOS.

Dr. Arefzadeh is Assistant Prof of Endocrinology and Metabolism.

Dr. Arefzadeh graduated from Tehran University of Medical Sciences in the field of Internal Medicine in 2008.

He graduated from Tehran University of Medical Sciences in the field of Endocrinology and Metabolism in 2012.

He has many researchs about internal medicine and endocrinology fields.

He is clinician and researcher and he works about diabetes mellitus, GDM, international education of diabetes and other endocrinology fields.

He likes teaching students, interns, residents and fellowships.

Dr. Arefzadeh has IELTS Document and he can speak three languages: English, Danish and Persian.

Dr. Arefzadeh has educated Iranians around the world regarding on the importance of Diabetes Mellitus and other metabolic disorders and has helped to resolve problems in the Iranian community.

He is member of American Diabetes Association(ADA) and European Society of Endocrinology(ESE) and European Research Association(CORDIS).

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FAQ from abroad

Patients can contact me via my Email address: info@drarefzadeh.com

Stresss and Diabetes

Stress is the most important factor to predispose to diabetes.

Many diabetic patients have had a major stress before diabetes in my eperiences.

I have visited many diabetic patients who didn't  have positive diabetic family history,however, they have developed diabetes and they had major stress before diabetes.  

Stress can increase blood sugar and it can lead to bad habits like overeating, which can make diabetes harder to manage. 

Recerntly, some papers were published about this subject.

I strongly recommended to avoid stress and anxiety.

Dr. Alireza Arefzadeh.

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News Media Technologies will create the revolution in education.

correspondent author:Alireza Arefzadeh

Abstract
Introduction:
News media, including content and methods for presenting it,
unmistakably contribute to the informal education of our students outside the
classroom. In addition to considering new media (television, video games, Internet,
etc.) as educative agents and keeping their influence in mind, educational institutions
incorporate these media into programs of study as content—including analysis of their
importance in society, function, and the repercussions, they may have in our lives.
Discussion:
News multimedia technologies must fulfill many basic functions:
- represent and present both real and virtual worlds.
- facilitate teaching.
- enhance student learning.
- improve IQ, residential, distance memory, and life-long learning.
- accommodate students’ learning styles.
- Digital Text Writing.
- Digital knowledge
- Connect people to teachers and Students and experts.
- Online courses registry.
-More Velocity and better quality Services.
-Immediately self Examination and scored, providing quick feedback.
With the arrival of computers, written textual language was first to be digitized
because it required the least amount of resources. The new Digital text can be
modified more easily, it can be sent from one place to another, words or strings of
characters can be searched for and found instantly, etc.
Social networking sites allow students to explore their interests on a global scale and
discuss their interests with a wider range of people. This has huge implications for
self-learning, as information and resources are much more available than they were
previously. However, for students that aren’t skilled at evaluating different content, it
can be hard for them to sort through various resources to find accurate and useful
information. Important Social networking sites are
Twitter,Wikipedia,Google,Yahoo, Facebook, and Youtube, Smartphones and
Iphone. Educational institutions will successfully wed academia and technology,
allowing students to learn in new and innovative ways. Technology has great potential
to help people learn, and businesses should capitalize on the advantages of technology
to create technologically advanced educational systems. They change to accommodate
students’ learning styles and significantly change education of the future. The Internet
allows people to search through digital knowledge and connect people to teachers and
experts. Textbooks can become interactive and can easily include updates and
corrections. Students will likely be able to get coursework from whichever university
they choose, and courses will likely be collaborative and public. These changes will
allow universities to teach anyone willing to learn, rather than only a select few in a
classroom. Technologies are already changing education, as online schools allow
students to earn degrees through only online courses Computer-Based Trainings are
self-paced activities on a computer that present content to a user. The trainings often
include assessments that can be immediately scored, providing quick feedback to the
users.
Conclusion: News Media Technologies provide revolution in education.

Accuracy of 3 imaging modalities for evaluation of the posterior lens capsule in traumatic cataract

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Accuracy of three imaging modalities for evaluation of the posterior lens capsule in traumatic cataract

Accuracy of 3 imaging modalities for evaluation of the posterior lens capsule in traumatic cataract.

High prevalence sleep disordered breathing in patients with diabetic macular edema (1)

High prevalence sleep disordered breathing in patients with diabetic macular edema

Arefzadeh A, MD.

Endocrinology department; Imam Hospital; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran; Iran

Correspondent author: Arefzadeh Alireza